There are multiple classifications of congenital heart disease including: 

Septal Defects
The septum is the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart. Babies with septal defects have a hole in that wall. Common examples include:

• Atrial septal defect 
• Ventricular septal defect 
• Atrioventricular canal defects

Obstructive Cardiac Anomalies
In an obstructive anomaly, the blood flow is restricted or completely blocked. This blockage or narrowing can occur in many places in the heart including the four heart valves, the blood vessels returning to the heart (veins) or in vessels pumping blood out of the heart (arteries) Common examples include:  

• Aortic stenosis 
• Pulmonary valve stenosis or atresia
• Coarctation of the aorta 

Cyanotic Defects
With cyanotic defects, blood circulated to the body does not have enough oxygen in it. Blue skin (cyanosis) is the main symptom. Common examples of these heart defects include:

• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of the great arteries 
• Tricuspid atresia 
• Truncus arteriosus 
• Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

A diagnosis of CHD will require evaluation with a cardiologist. From there some patients will be seen in clinic for routine follow up. Some patients with CHD will require cardiac procedures which include diagnostic testing (for example: echocardiograms), cardiac catheterization and/or heart surgery.

For some families, it can be helpful to come prepared with a plan before your appointment with a cardiologist. Here are things to consider documenting and having ready for your appointment:

• Symptoms your child is experiencing: Sharing when these symptoms appeared and how frequently they occur is helpful to the medical team. Don’t be afraid to share symptoms that seem unrelated. Congenital heart disease can affect other parts of the body.
• Medications: This should include any supplements or vitamins your child takes.
• Related history: This includes family medical history and recent changes in your family’s life.
• Your questions: This will help ensure you don’t forget to ask all your questions. It is okay to ask the same question several times if you are unclear. Our team is here to help you understand the big picture and make sure you walk away with your questions answered.

The long-term outlook for people with CHD is getting better every day. New surgical techniques are being developed while evolving technology has revolutionized the world of cardiac catheterizations.